white lotus rebellion

The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Contents 1 Daze Village Uprising 2 Rebellion of the Seven States 3 Llin 4 Chimei 5 Yellow Turban Rebellion 6 Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion 7 An Shi Rebellion 8 Red Turban Rebellion 9 Li Zicheng's Rebellion 10 Revolt of the Three Feudatories List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { }, Page last modified: Qing Dynasty Inventions & Innovations - Totally History Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. And so the war was waged. Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. White Lotus - Wikipedia Yingcong Dai. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. He simply and quietly disappeared. Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces Decline and Fall of China Yuan Dynasty The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: Corrections? According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. As one Qing official complained:[9]. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites. They are not like some external tribe . Omissions? White Lotus Rebellion - Wikiwand Kublai Khan The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. 7 Population Milestones for 7 Billion People | Live Science The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. "Reluctant guerrillas in early nineteenth century China: the White Lotus insurgents and their suppressors. At the . When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. //The White Lotus Rebellion - Home What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. White Lotus Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. [9] The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813 - Wikipedia "[5] The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" View original page. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. ." Encyclopedia.com. Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. #ga-ad {display: none;} List of rebellions in China | Military Wiki | Fandom Szczepanski, Kallie. Szczepanski, Kallie. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. Updates? Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. ", McCaffrey, Cecily. Red Turban Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. The White Lotus Rebellion was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. Omissions? The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. The White Lotus War - University of Washington Press [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. The White Lotus Secret Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. The rebels are all our own subjects. The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. Rapid and often reckless development of the Shensi uplands, however, often led to soil erosion, rapid loss of fertility, and declining crop output. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. Chien-lung | Encyclopedia.com In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) (February 22, 2023). The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. Kublai Khan (1215-1294) was the greatest of the Mongol emperors after Genghis Khan and founder of the Yan dynasty in China., Tibet It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. . The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. Corrections? Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. Instead, Britain began a lucrative, illicit trade in opium, traded from British imperial India into Canton, far from Beijing. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. White Lotus Rebellion | Encyclopedia.com 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects. After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. Chien-lung The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. In the period after about 1680 the introduction of corn (maize) and sweet potatoes, followed in the 18th century by the introduction of the Irish potato, made upland farming possible. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. //]]>. It took nine years of warfare and great loss. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. . Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. White Lotus Rebellion - Wikipedia The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers.

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