For example, authoritarian leaders tend to allocate more national resources to members of their own tribe, religious sect, or political party. The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognition) are inconsistent.
Historically, The President's Party Performs Poorly In The - Forbes Just ask yourself if youve ever been asked, What are you? This question is frequently asked to people about their ethnicity, national origin, gender identity, religion, and other group affiliations. Male 3: I don't want you looking over my shoulder all the time. D) GRIT. Unfortunately, problems can also arise from our tendency to categorize. social class, family, football team etc.) HLT. Social identity theory (Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, & Flament, 1971) describes this tendency to favor ones own in-group over anothers outgroup.
Quia - AP Psychology - Unit 14 Vocabulary Review They are excited on the morning of the competition because they both believe that their team is going to win since they are the better team. A confirmation bias is cognitive bias that favors information that confirms your previously existing beliefs or biases. Iceland, for example, guarantees legal equality between men and women. In-group favoritism is an ambiguous form of bias because it disfavors the outgroup by exclusion. b. the mere exposure effect. A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Social psychology, Positive illusions, Self-serving bias and more. D) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate. Psychology. a motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups. frustration-aggression principle., The tendency to favor one's own group, the group with whom we share a common identity, is called: a. a social trap. A) the tendency to favor members of one's own group. c. offering them opportunities to play violent video games when they feel angry. b. the just-world phenomenon. They have relatively high levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone. Understand biases such as social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism. Raised in a society that places a premium on individual achievement and uniqueness, Americans seem to develop a tendency to focus on the characteristics of the individual in making attributions. d. ingroup bias., Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. Brewer, M. B., & Brown, R. J. After meeting Kim, who has a 4.0 GPA and volunteers 20 hours each week to help disabled children, Beth says "Well, Kim is an exception to the rule." When it comes time to categorize ice cream as good or bad, you may still categorize it as good, but you will likely be a little slowerperhaps even fractions of a second slower-- in arriving at this judgment. maxxa+ysubjecttopx+y=m. Does the sender (maker) of a debit memorandum record a debit or a credit in the recipients account? They are motivated by . ____________ can be defined as any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy. B) Having the belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of, A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage, Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to, Deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers, Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because, The "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. "Oh, very good," Judge Matsumoto . School California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Course Title PSYC 3500; Uploaded By staceymartinez1224. The dislike originates from each classs favoritism toward itself and the fact that only one group can play on the soccer field at a time. c. blood alcohol. 1. a natural or prevailing disposition to move, proceed, or act in some direction or toward some point, end, or result. The IAT is sensitive to very slight hesitations that result from having automatic or unconscious biases.
Carl Rogers's Actualizing Tendency: Your Ultimate Guide Social Sciences. divided her class into blue eyes and brown eyes to teach her kids about discrimination. Within the realm of personality psychology, the false-consensus effect does not have significant effects.This is because the false-consensus effect relies heavily on the social environment and how a person interprets this environment. Group-serving bias is the tendency to make more favorable attributions about our ingroups than our outgroups.
Confirmation Bias: Definition, Signs, Overcoming - Verywell Mind "teachers" actually seemed to enjoy shocking the "learners.". c. The need to be accepted by others is a powerful motivating force.
social identity theory | Definition, History, Examples, & Facts Thus, those high inSDO see groups as battling each other for these resources, with winners at the top of the social hierarchy and losers at the bottom (see Table 1). Do you or someone you know believe that group hierarchies are inevitable? Biases can explicit (overt and conscious) or more implicit (automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent). a. cognitive dissonance. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in, An expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the, Two conflicting groups who share the same negative views of one another demonstrate. a. At the time it was written, however, women and minorities (especially enslaved people) were not included in this sentiment. The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) elitism . living in a nice neighborhood denotes ones place in the social hierarchya place reserved for ones in-group members). Employees were reimbursed when they presented petty cash vouchers to the petty cash custodian. Like stereotypes, prejudice is a bias against people based on their group membership. that most people like women more than men. This experiment best illustrated the impact of, The discomfort we feel when 2 thoughts are inconsistent is called, Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as the, We tend to feel cheerful around happy people and sad around depressed people. An unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. Discrimination is a behavior bias against a person (or group) based on stereotyped beliefs about that group. In the abstract these mental maps can help us understand how to interact with new people based on educated guesses about their category. In fact, this finding generally holds regardless of whether ones group is measured according race, age, religion, nationality, and even temporary, insignificant memberships. High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of: Representativeness Heuristic The tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information. (Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick, 2007). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Devine, P. G. (1989). As the world becomes more interconnectedmore collaborations between countries, more intermarrying between different groupsmore and more people are encountering greater diversity of others in everyday life. Situational (External) Attribution Theory. Verify that U/p=x(p,m)\partial U^* / \partial p=-x^*(p, m)U/p=x(p,m). For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes, adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard, influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality, stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable, the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity, the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process. In some countries, women who have been raped are sometimes sentenced to punishment for having violated a law against adultery. The process of pursuing our full potential is what he called the actualizing tendency. A change in behavior following a demand from an authority figure. What entry (debit or credit) does the recipient record? Today, there is a greater appreciation of the fact that not all biases are overt hostility based on a personal animosity toward members of a group.
quiz 5 psych 312.docx - Question 1 2 out of 2 points A tendency to Understand subtle, unexamined biases that are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent. "teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to severe stress. D) the effects of exposure to violent pornography. p.)\left.p.\right)p.). (2020). d. women tend to share similar attitudes about sex. Peoples identities are multifaceted, intersecting across gender, race, class, age, region, and more. Was the White person right to avoid the situation so that neither person would feel uncomfortable? The tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups is called. People who score high on SDO believe that some groups are inherently better than others, and because of this, there is no such thing as group equality. At the same time, though, SDO is not just about being personally dominant and controlling of others; SDO describes a preferred arrangement of groups with some on top (preferably onesown group) and some on the bottom. ethnocentric. The stereotype content model attends to two major dimensions of evaluating other people: warmth and competence. CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. Some of the jurors commented on the rape victim's history of going out to various bars and they said she had been dressed too provocatively; in other words, "looking like that," she had asked to be assaulted. a. more; less d. the blame-the-victim phenomenon.
2. an inclination, bent, or predisposition to something. tendency: 1 n an inclination to do something Synonyms: leaning , propensity Type of: inclination that toward which you are inclined to feel a liking n an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others "a tendency to be too strict" Synonyms: disposition , inclination Types: show 31 types. The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the . just-world phenomenon
Social Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet 12.2 Ingroup Favoritism and Prejudice - Principles of Social Psychology Two months before the 2018 midterms, President Trump had a 40% job approval rating. The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. The non-rival out-group acts as a reference . b. implicit prejudice. Just 80 years ago, American college students unabashedly thought Turkish people were cruel, very religious, and treacherous (Katz & Braly, 1933). Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007). There are also lots of stereotypes regarding each race. Study Resources. Her explanation for the accident provides and example of. Being aware of our own tendency to fixate on the negative is also important. An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them. For the following sentence, make corrections in end mark, period, and comma usage as needed. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get, physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone, the principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression, the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them, an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship, the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined, a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it, revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others, unselfish regard for the welfare of others, the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present, the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs, an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them, an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them, a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas, a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior, mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive, shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation, Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reductiona strategy designed to decrease international tensions. This best illustrates that victim blaming is fueled by: This sends subtle cues to the applicant that she is not being taken seriously, is not a good fit for the job, or is not likely to get hired. exclusivity. People who score higher on the scale show more ingroup favoritism in comparison with those who score lower on it (Stangor & Thompson, 2002). 2. The finding that the greater the number of people who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help, the tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain, apprehension about confirming negative stereotypes related to one's own group, the tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic. He believes in strict obedience to authority and is intolerant of weakness in others. Categories . She goes against the common idea of older adults as being weak or unhealthy. PPP and ( 1 at p)p)p). RWA respects group unity over individual preferences, wanting to maintain group values in the face of differing opinions. Since 1946, the average midterm loss for the president's party is 25 seats. Misra, S., Le, P.T., Goldmann, E. & Yang, L.H. B) What causes a gain or loss on the sale of a bond investment?
The extrinsic incentives bias is best described as the tendency for
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